Sustainable Renovation Surrey

Sustainable Renovation Surrey

Modern home renovation Surrey

You're not just getting a contractor; you're partnering with a team that's committed to quality at every turn. Another project to note is the addition of a bespoke garden room for a client seeking a tranquil retreat within their property. From the initial planning phase to the final touches, our team coordinates closely to ensure that each phase progresses smoothly. It's not just about the aesthetics; they consider the local climate, materials that thrive in it, and designs that resonate with Sustainable Renovation Surrey's unique charm. Learn more about Sustainable Renovation Surrey here
You'll have direct access to a dedicated aftercare team, ready to address any post-completion queries. Learn more about Canyon Property Projects Ltd. here. Canyon Property Projects Ltd.

Green home remodeling

  1. Soundproofing renovation
  2. Home remodeling consultation
  3. Crown molding installation
  4. Experienced renovation team Surrey
  5. Exterior siding replacement
  6. Affordable home remodeling Surrey
  7. Exterior painting
  8. Fence and gate installation
  9. Interior remodeling
  10. Entryway remodeling
  11. Structural renovation
  12. Kitchen renovation
  13. Porch renovation
  14. Home layout redesign
  15. Home addition services
  16. Baseboard and trim renovation
  17. Home insulation upgrades
  18. Entertainment room renovation
  19. Home office renovation
also stays ahead of the curve, incorporating the latest building standards and innovations into their work. Recognizing the importance of a home's exterior appeal and functionality, they've introduced services like landscaping, deck building, and exterior painting.
Understanding the local market inside and out, Canyon Property Projects Ltd. tailors your home improvement projects to both your needs and the specific demands of the Sustainable Renovation Surrey area. Expanding your living space with Canyon Property Projects Ltd means unlocking the potential of your home through sophisticated extensions tailored to your lifestyle. Plus, they recommend products with a longer lifespan, reducing the need for frequent replacements and further minimizing waste.
This collaborative process ensures that your project reflects your personal style and meets all your functional needs. Enhancing your curb appeal with landscaping, updated siding, or even a new roof can make a dramatic difference in your home's overall aesthetics and value. They're a testament to the tailored approach Canyon Property Projects Ltd. takes with each project.



Home insulation upgrades

  1. Garage conversion
  2. Electrical renovations
  3. Exterior home renovation
  4. Painting and wall finishes
  5. Plumbing upgrades
  6. Surrey renovation project planning
  7. Foundation repair
  8. Landscaping and hardscaping
  9. Residential remodeling
  10. Permit and code compliance
  11. Door installation
  12. Tile installation services
  13. Soaking tub installation
  14. Soundproofing renovation
  15. Home remodeling consultation
  16. Crown molding installation

Plus, their commitment to transparency means you'll never be left guessing about costs or timelines. They understand that the right materials don't just elevate the look of your space; they enhance durability and functionality. With energy-saving solutions like insulation improvements and the installation of eco-friendly appliances, they help you reduce your carbon footprint while saving on utility costs. Canyon Property Projects Ltd. seamlessly incorporates advanced technology into your home renovation, elevating both functionality and convenience. What's more, they're adept at navigating local building codes and regulations, ensuring that your project not only meets but exceeds standards.

The market also favors well-maintained outdoor spaces, hinting at the importance of landscaping and exterior improvements. We believe that your input is invaluable, and our team is always here to listen, advise, and adapt to meet your needs and preferences. They're not just about solving problems; they're about preventing them. They're committed to using high-quality, durable materials that ensure your outdoor space not only looks fantastic but withstands the test of time.

They'll keep you informed at every step, ready to adjust plans as per your feedback. Our team harnesses the latest design trends and technologies, blending them with timeless aesthetics to create spaces that are both functional and beautiful. By choosing us, you're not just getting a fair price; you're also investing in peace of mind, knowing that you're partnering with a company that values honesty and integrity as much as you do. Whether you're looking to update your kitchen, expand your living space, or completely overhaul your property, they've got the skills and expertise to make it happen.

It's clear that for those looking to enhance their Sustainable Renovation Surrey properties, Canyon Property Projects Ltd. is a trusted partner in creating beautiful, functional spaces. Lighting upgrades They've got architects who dream big and builders who pay attention to the minutest details.

Whole house renovation

  1. Experienced renovation team Surrey
  2. Exterior siding replacement
  3. Affordable home remodeling Surrey
  4. Exterior painting
  5. Fence and gate installation
  6. Interior remodeling
  7. Entryway remodeling
  8. Structural renovation
  9. Kitchen renovation
  10. Porch renovation
  11. Home layout redesign
  12. Home addition services
  13. House remodeling experts
  14. Home renovation
  15. Laundry room renovation
  16. Sunroom addition
  17. Open concept renovation
  18. Home gym remodeling
  19. Hardwood floor refinishing
  20. Vanity replacement
They understand the importance of reducing the carbon footprint and incorporate eco-friendly materials and methods into their work. Don't forget about your front door and windows.

Citations and other links

Home Technology Upgrades Sustainable Renovation Surrey

While Canyon Property Projects Ltd excels in interior design, they also specialize in bringing your outdoor spaces to life with creative landscaping and outdoor living solutions. Manufactured between the late 1970s and mid-1990s, these pipes were a popular choice for their cost-effectiveness and easy installation. This foresight saves you time and money, making sure your project stays on track and within budget. You'll find their approach is all about transparency, quality, and sustainability. You won't have to juggle multiple contractors or worry about materials arriving on time.

We don't believe in one-size-fits-all pricing. Hearing directly from past clients offers invaluable insights into the real impact of Canyon Property Projects Ltd's work on their lives. They're not just building or renovating spaces; they're crafting environments tailored specifically to meet your lifestyle and aesthetic preferences. They start by sourcing materials that are both sustainable and durable, reducing the need for frequent replacements and minimizing the environmental impact.

While some may believe finding a reliable contractor for both minor repairs and major renovations in Sustainable Renovation Surrey is daunting, Canyon Property Projects Ltd. stands out as the exception. They're committed to reducing your carbon footprint while enhancing your home's comfort and value. To effectively address the Poly B pipe issue, homeowners often turn to trusted professionals like Canyon Property Projects Ltd., known for their expertise in plumbing solutions. Their team consists of skilled professionals, each bringing years of experience to ensure your project is completed to the highest standards.

When you're considering home improvement services in Sustainable Renovation Surrey, Canyon Property Projects Ltd offers solutions that transform the exterior of your property, making it stand out in the neighborhood. Consider adding high-end fixtures, such as rainfall showerheads, heated flooring, and smart mirrors that can elevate your daily routine into an experience. They understand that home improvement is a significant investment, and they're committed to delivering exceptional results that exceed your expectations. Trust in Canyon Property Projects Ltd. to make your home improvement journey a smooth, transparent, and satisfying experience.

Home insulation upgrades
Home Technology Upgrades Sustainable Renovation Surrey
Green Renovation Services Sustainable Renovation Surrey

Green Renovation Services Sustainable Renovation Surrey

With everything set, the construction phase begins. This approach not only maximizes your living area but also elevates the overall vibe of your home, making it feel more expansive and inviting. Landscaping is another pivotal element. From the initial consultation, you're guided through every step. Let's help you turn your bathroom into a lavish escape you'll enjoy for years to come.

Green home remodeling

  • Door installation
  • Tile installation services
  • Soaking tub installation
  • Soundproofing renovation
  • Home remodeling consultation
  • Crown molding installation
  • Experienced renovation team Surrey
  • Exterior siding replacement
  • Affordable home remodeling Surrey
  • Exterior painting
  • Fence and gate installation
  • Interior remodeling
  • Entryway remodeling
  • Structural renovation
  • Kitchen renovation
  • Porch renovation
  • Home layout redesign
  • Home addition services


Here, they've installed state-of-the-art kitchen appliances without compromising the house's original character, proving you don't have to choose between luxury and heritage. It's transparent and tailored, leaving no room for surprises. Showcasing dramatic before and after transformations, they vividly illustrate the expertise and impact of their Sustainable Renovation Surrey home improvement projects. They don't just transform houses; they reimagine what your living space can be, from the ground up.

They're not just contractors; they're partners in bringing your dream home to life. These are the eyes of your home, and upgrading them can't only improve aesthetics but also enhance energy efficiency. You'll appreciate their attention to detail and the meticulous care they put into every aspect of their work. As you ponder the possibilities of enhancing your home, consider how the testimonials and success stories of past clients might illuminate the path forward, offering a glimpse into the potential that awaits with Canyon Property Projects Ltd.

Moreover, Canyon Property Projects Ltd.

Entertainment room renovation

  • Basement finishing
  • Aging-in-place renovations
  • Surrey home renovation company
  • Smart home upgrades
  • Deck and patio remodeling
  • Renovation contractors
  • Garage renovation
  • Kitchen cabinet replacement
  • Local home renovators Surrey
  • Bathroom renovation
  • Accessible home design
  • Best renovation experts Surrey
  • Project management
  • Renovation cost estimates
  • Trusted renovation contractors Surrey
  • Built-in storage solutions
adopts water conservation techniques, such as installing low-flow fixtures and rainwater harvesting systems, which reduce water usage without compromising on functionality. This personalized service commitment is what sets Canyon Property Projects Ltd. apart in the Sustainable Renovation Surrey home improvement scene. But it doesn't stop there. Whether you're updating your home to better suit your lifestyle or preparing to sell, their expertise is at your disposal.

Home insulation upgrades

  1. Green home remodeling
  2. House remodeling experts
  3. Home renovation
  4. Laundry room renovation
  5. Sunroom addition
  6. Open concept renovation
  7. Home gym remodeling
  8. Hardwood floor refinishing
  9. Vanity replacement
  10. Basement finishing
  11. Aging-in-place renovations
  12. Surrey home renovation company
  13. Smart home upgrades
  14. Deck and patio remodeling
  15. Renovation contractors
  16. Garage renovation
  17. Kitchen cabinet replacement
  18. Local home renovators Surrey
  19. Bathroom renovation
  20. Accessible home design


Eco-Friendly Property Solutions Sustainable Renovation Surrey

Understanding the Sustainable Renovation Surrey real estate market is essential for making informed decisions about your home improvement projects. Don't wait for a plumbing disaster to strike. Their commitment to sustainability means they'll choose plants and materials that aren't only beautiful but also suitable for Sustainable Renovation Surrey's climate. Think of your home's exterior as its face. Our commitment to timely project completion isn't just about sticking to deadlines.

You'll find their attention to detail impeccable. Whether you're looking to create a spa-like retreat or a sleek, modern space, the right enhancements can transform your bathroom into a sanctuary. Their skilled team doesn't just stop at aesthetic upgrades; they're also adept at enhancing the functionality of your home through state-of-the-art electrical and plumbing installations. Home renovation You'll find their projects stand out for their creative use of space.

Moreover, Canyon Property Projects Ltd. understands the importance of creating a bathroom that's not just about luxury but also about functionality and sustainability. You're not just updating your space; you're investing in the health of our planet. They understand that a well-designed home isn't just a backdrop for life's moments; it actively shapes them. You'll find they use sustainable materials wherever possible, reducing the environmental impact of your home improvement project.

They'll sit down with you to discuss every detail, from the tiles to the taps, ensuring that your vision becomes a reality. Canyon Property Projects Ltd. offers a wide array of renovation services, ensuring your home not only functions optimally but also aligns with your aesthetic preferences. Whether you're looking to overhaul your kitchen, breathe new life into your living room, or create a serene bathroom retreat, they've got you covered. Eco-friendly renovations Trust them to manage your project with care, from the initial design consultation to the final touches, ensuring a seamless and stress-free renovation experience.

Entertainment room renovation
Eco-Friendly Property Solutions Sustainable Renovation Surrey
Bathroom Remodeling Packages Sustainable Renovation Surrey
Bathroom Remodeling Packages Sustainable Renovation Surrey

The attention to detail was astonishing.'Another client shared their experience with a major plumbing overhaul, involving the replacement of Poly B pipes. 'They made a daunting task seem effortless,' they said. 'The project was completed on time, and the communication was clear throughout. Once you've made the initial contact, a team member will schedule a visit to your property. One realtor shares, 'Canyon Property Projects Ltd. not only elevated the aesthetic appeal of the homes I'm selling but significantly boosted their market value. This means you're always in the loop, without being overwhelmed by the minutiae of project management. They didn't stop at interior transformations, either.

You're probably seeking a team that listens, understands, and implements your vision with precision-and that's exactly what they bring to the table. Imagine stepping through your living room straight into a beautifully integrated outdoor patio, where the transition feels as natural as walking from your kitchen to your dining room. That's why they offer customized solutions that mirror your lifestyle and meet your specific needs. The process is tailored to fit you, ensuring that your property's potential is fully realized.

They use only the highest quality materials, ensuring that your home improvement project isn't only beautiful but also durable. They were amazed by how Canyon Property Projects Ltd managed the entire process, ensuring minimal disruption to their daily lives while delivering the project on time and within budget. With Canyon Property Projects Ltd., you're not just getting a contractor; you're getting a dedicated project manager who's always on top of the schedule, budget, and quality of workmanship. Their designs reflect a deep understanding of modern living, blending smart technology seamlessly with elegant, sustainable materials to create environments that are both beautiful and intelligent.

What sets Canyon Property Projects Ltd apart is their commitment to making your dream home a reality, tailored precisely to what you've envisioned. They ensure that each element, from materials to color schemes, harmonizes perfectly. What sets them apart is their commitment to using only the highest quality materials. At Canyon Property Projects Ltd., we understand that your kitchen isn't just a place to cook; it's where memories are made, stories are shared, and culinary adventures begin.

Whole house renovation

  1. Modern home renovation Surrey
  2. Eco-friendly renovations
  3. Whole house renovation
  4. Lighting upgrades
  5. Attic renovation
  6. Baseboard and trim renovation
  7. Home insulation upgrades
  8. Entertainment room renovation
  9. Home office renovation
  10. Green home remodeling
  11. House remodeling experts
  12. Home renovation
  13. Laundry room renovation
  14. Sunroom addition
  15. Open concept renovation
  16. Home gym remodeling
  17. Hardwood floor refinishing
  18. Vanity replacement
  19. Basement finishing


Custom Bathroom Design Sustainable Renovation Surrey

They're not just about aesthetics; they prioritize functionality, ensuring every space is optimized to meet your needs. Step into the future of home living with Canyon Property Projects Ltd.'s advanced home automation solutions, designed to make your life easier and more comfortable. Laundry room renovation It's about creating a home that not only looks great but feels right. Their approach is proactive, anticipating potential obstacles and addressing them before they become issues. Canyon Property Projects Ltd. has carved out a niche for itself as a leading home improvement contractor in Sustainable Renovation Surrey, offering a wide range of services to transform your living space.
Their comprehensive services also cover outdoor projects, including landscaping and garden design, to create that perfect outdoor oasis. Imagine sleek granite countertops that not only dazzle the eye but also withstand the test of time and culinary challenges. Canyon Property Projects Ltd. Whole house renovation meticulously focuses on every small detail to ensure your home improvement project exceeds expectations. Furthermore, they're proactive in addressing potential issues before they become problems.
Canyon Property doesn't just excel in technical execution; they understand the importance of listening to their clients. Our team works closely with you to understand your needs and preferences, making sure that every material selected aligns with your vision and budget.

Lighting upgrades

  • Home gym remodeling
  • Hardwood floor refinishing
  • Vanity replacement
  • Basement finishing
  • Aging-in-place renovations
  • Surrey home renovation company
  • Smart home upgrades
  • Deck and patio remodeling
  • Renovation contractors
  • Garage renovation
  • Kitchen cabinet replacement
  • Local home renovators Surrey
  • Bathroom renovation
  • Accessible home design
  • Best renovation experts Surrey
From complex renovations that breathe new life into old homes to cutting-edge designs that transform your living space, they've got the skills to make your vision a reality. Choosing Canyon Property Projects Ltd. means you're opting for a future where your home is part of the solution. Read more about Sustainable Renovation Surrey here
Each project in our portfolio is a testament to our team's dedication to transforming spaces into something truly special and personalized. Choosing Canyon Property means investing in a hassle-free experience, where your project is managed efficiently, within budget, and on time. You'll find their team responsive and attentive, breaking down complex project details into understandable terms, ensuring you're always in the loop. Next, you'll dive into the design phase, where your concepts start to take shape.

Explore Sustainable Renovation Surrey here
Custom Bathroom Design Sustainable Renovation Surrey
Polybutylene
Names
Other names
polybutene-1, poly(1-butene), PB-1
Identifiers
ChemSpider
  • none
ECHA InfoCard 100.111.056 Edit this at Wikidata
Properties
(C4H8)n
Density 0.95 g/cm3[1]
Melting point 135 °C (275 °F; 408 K)[1]
Related compounds
Related compounds
1-butene (monomer)
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
☒N verify (what is checkY☒N ?)

Polybutylene (polybutene-1, poly(1-butene), PB-1) is a polyolefin or saturated polymer with the chemical formula (CH2CH(Et))n. Not be confused with polybutene, PB-1 is mainly used in piping.[2]

Production

[edit]

Polybutylene is produced by polymerisation of 1-butene using supported Ziegler–Natta catalysts.

Catalysts

[edit]

Isotactic PB-1 is produced commercially using two types of heterogeneous Ziegler–Natta catalysts.[3] The first type of catalyst contains two components, a solid pre-catalyst, the δ-crystalline form of TiCl3, and solution of an organoaluminum cocatalyst, such as Al(C2H5)3. The second type of pre-catalyst is supported. The active ingredient in the catalyst is TiCl4 and the support is microcrystalline MgCl2. These catalysts also contain special modifiers, organic compounds belonging to the classes of esters or ethers. The pre-catalysts are activated by combinations of organoaluminum compounds and other types of organic or organometallic modifiers. Two most important technological advantages of the supported catalysts are high productivity and a high fraction of the crystalline isotactic polymer they produce at 70–80 °C under standard polymerization conditions.[4][5][6]

Characteristics

[edit]

PB-1 is a high molecular weight, linear, isotactic, and semi-crystalline polymer. PB-1 combines typical characteristics of conventional polyolefins with certain properties of technical polymers.

PB-1, when applied as a pure or reinforced resin, can replace materials like metal, rubber and engineering polymers. It is also used synergistically as a blend element to modify the characteristics of other polyolefins like polypropylene and polyethylene. Because of its specific properties it is mainly used in pressure piping, flexible packaging, water heaters, compounding and hot melt adhesives.

Heated up to 190 °C and above, PB-1 can easily be compression moulded, injection moulded, blown to hollow parts, extruded, and welded. It does not tend to crack due to stress.[dubiousdiscuss] Because of its crystalline structure and high molecular weight, PB-1 has good resistance to hydrostatic pressure, showing very low creep even at elevated temperatures.[7] It is flexible, resists impact well and has good elastic recovery.[3][8]

Isotactic polybutylene crystallizes in three different forms. Crystallization from solution yields form-III with the melting point of 106.5 °C. Cooling from the melt results in the form II which has melting point of 124 °C and density of 0.89 g/cm3. At room temperature, it spontaneously converts into the form-I with the melting point of 135 °C and density of 0.95 g/cm3.[1]

PB-1 generally resists chemicals such as detergents, oils, fats, acids, bases, alcohol, ketones, aliphatic hydrocarbons and hot polar solutions (including water).[3] It shows lower resistance to aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons as well as oxidising acids than other polymers such as polysulfone and polyamide 6/6.[7] Additional features include excellent wet abrasion resistance, easy melt flowability (shear thinning), and good dispersion of fillers. It is compatible with polypropylene, ethylene propylene rubbers, and thermoplastic elastomers.

Some properties:[7]

Application areas

[edit]

Piping systems

[edit]

The main use of PB-1 is in flexible pressure piping systems for hot and cold drinking water distribution, pre-insulated district heating networks and surface heating and cooling systems. ISO 15876 defines the performance requirements of PB-1 piping systems.[9] PB-1's most notable characteristics are weldability, temperature resistance, flexibility and high hydrostatic pressure resistance. The material can be classified PB 125 with a minimum required strength (MRS) of 12.5 MPa. Other features include low noise transmission, low linear thermal expansion, no corrosion and calcification.

PB-1 piping systems are no longer being sold in North America (see "Class action lawsuits and removal from building code approved usage", below). The overall market share in Europe and Asia is rather small but PB-1 piping systems have shown a steady growth in recent years. In certain domestic markets, e.g. Kuwait, the United Kingdom, Korea and Spain, PB-1 piping systems have a strong position.[8]

Plastic packaging

[edit]

Several PB-1 grades are commercially available for various applications and conversion technologies (blown film, cast film, extrusion coating). There are two main fields of application:

  • Peelable easy-to-open packaging where PB-1 is used as blend component predominantly in polyethylene to tailor peel strength and peel quality, mainly in alimentary consumer packaging and medical packaging.
  • Lowering seal initiation temperature (SIT) of high speed packaging polypropylene based films. Blending PB-1 into polypropylene, heat sealing temperatures as low as 65 °C can be achieved, maintaining a broad sealing window and good optical film properties.

Hot melt adhesives

[edit]

PB-1 is compatible with a wide range of tackifier resins. It offers high cohesive and adhesive strength and helps tailoring the "open time" of the adhesive (up to 30 minutes) because of its slow crystallisation kinetics. It improves the thermal stability and the viscosity of the adhesive.[10]

Compounding and masterbatches

[edit]

PB-1 accepts very high filler loadings in excess of 70%. In combination with its low melting point it can be employed in halogen-free flame retardant composites or as masterbatch carrier for thermo-sensitive pigments. PB-1 disperses easily in other polyolefins, and at low concentration, acts as processing aid reducing torque and/or increasing throughput.

Thermal insulation

[edit]

PB-1 can be foamed.[11] The use of PB-1 foam as thermal insulation is of great advantage for district heating pipes, since the number of materials in the sandwich structure is reduced to one, facilitating its recycling.[12]

Other applications

[edit]

Other applications include domestic water heaters, electrical insulation, compression packaging, wire and cable, shoe soles, and polyolefin modification (thermal bonding, enhancing softness and flexibility of rigid compounds, increasing temperature resistance and compression set of soft compounds).

Environmental longevity

[edit]

Plumbing and heating systems made from PB-1 have been used in Europe and Asia for more than 30 years. First reference projects in district heating and floor heating systems in Germany and Austria from the early 1970s are still in operation today.[8]

One example is the installation of PB-1 pipes in the Vienna Geothermal Project (1974) where aggressive geothermal water is distributed at a service temperature of 54 °C and 10 bar pressure. Other pipe materials in the same installation failed or corroded and had been replaced in the meantime.[8]

International standards set minimum performance requirements for pipes made from PB-1 used in hot water applications. Standardized extrapolation methods predict lifetimes in excess of 50 years at 70 °C and 10 bar.[8]

Class action lawsuits and removal from building code approved usage

[edit]

Polybutylene plumbing was used in several million homes built in the United States from around 1978 to 1997. Problems with leaks and broken pipes led to a class action lawsuit, Cox v. Shell Oil, that was settled for $1 billion.[13][14] The leaks were associated with degradation of polybutylene exposed to chlorinated water.[15]

Polybutylene water pipes are no longer accepted by the United States building codes and have been the subject[16] of class action lawsuits in both Canada and the U.S.[17][18] The National Plumbing Code of Canada 1995 listed polybutylene piping as acceptable for use with the exception of recirculation plumbing. The piping was removed from the acceptable for use list in the 2005 issue of the standard.[19]

In Australia in March 2023, the Department of Mines, Industry Regulation and Safety reported that Australian homes built in 2019-2020 that had used a certain brand of polybutylene piping, had become the subject of an enquiry due to the significance of water leaks reported.[20][21]

There is evidence to suggest that the presence of chlorine and chloramine compounds in municipal water (often deliberately added to retard bacterial growth) will cause deterioration of the internal chemical structure of polybutylene piping and the associated acetal fittings.[22] The reaction with chlorinated water appears to be greatly accelerated by tensile stress, and is most often observed in material under highest mechanical stress such as at fittings, sharp bends, and kinks. Localized stress whitening of the material generally accompanies and precedes decomposition of the polymer. In extreme cases, this stress-activated chemical "corrosion" can lead to perforation and leakage within a few years, but it also may not fail for decades. Fittings with a soft compression seal can give adequate service life.[further explanation needed]

Because the chemical reaction of the water with the pipe occurs inside the pipe, it is often difficult to assess the extent of deterioration. The problem can cause both slow leaks and pipe bursting without any previous warning indication. The only long-term solution is to completely replace the polybutylene plumbing throughout the entire building.[23]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c Mark Alger, Mark S. M. Alger (1997). Polymer science dictionary. Springer. p. 398. ISBN 978-0-412-60870-4.
  2. ^ Whiteley, Kenneth S.; Heggs, T. Geoffrey; Koch, Hartmut; Mawer, Ralph L.; Immel, Wolfgang (2000). "Polyolefins". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a21_487. ISBN 978-3527306732.
  3. ^ a b c d Charles A. Harper (2006). Handbook of plastics technologies: the complete guide to properties and performance. McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-07-146068-2.
  4. ^ Hwo, Charles C.; Watkins, Larry K. Laminated film with improved tear strength, European Patent Application EP0459742, Publication date 12/04/1991
  5. ^ Boo-Deuk Kim et al. (2008) U.S. patent 7,442,489
  6. ^ Shimizu, Akihiko; Itakura, Keisuke; Otsu, Takayuki; Imoto, Minoru (1969). "Monomer-isomerization polymerization. VI. Isomerizations of butene-2 with TiCl3 or Al(C2H5)3–TiCl3 catalyst". Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry. 7 (11): 3119. Bibcode:1969JPoSA...7.3119S. doi:10.1002/pol.1969.150071108.
  7. ^ a b c d Freeman, Andrew; Mantell, Susan C.; Davidson, Jane H. (2005). "Mechanical performance of polysulfone, polybutylene, and polyamide 6/6 in hot chlorinated water". Solar Energy. 79 (6): 624–37. Bibcode:2005SoEn...79..624F. doi:10.1016/j.solener.2005.07.003.
  8. ^ a b c d e Polybutylene Archived November 30, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
  9. ^ ISO 15876-1:2003 iso.org
  10. ^ T.E. Rolando (1998). Solvent-Free Adhesives. iSmithers Rapra. p. 35. ISBN 978-1-85957-133-0.
  11. ^ Doyle, Lucía (2022-03-20). "Extrusion foaming behavior of polybutene-1. Toward single-material multifunctional sandwich structures". Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 139 (12). doi:10.1002/app.51816. ISSN 0021-8995.
  12. ^ Doyle Gutierrez, Lucia (2022-12-02). A Circular Economy Approach to Multifunctional Sandwich Structures: Polymeric Foams for District Heating Pre-Insulated Pipes (Thesis thesis). HafenCity Universität Hamburg. doi:10.34712/142.35.
  13. ^ Hensler, Deborah R.; Pace, Nicholas M.; Dombey-Moore, Bonita; Giddens, Beth; Gross, Jennifer; Moller, Erik K. (2000). "Polybutylene Plumbing Pipes Litigation: Cox v. Shell Oil". In Hensler, Deborah R. (ed.). Class action dilemmas: pursuing public goals for private gain. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Institute for Civil Justice. pp. 375–98. ISBN 978-0-8330-2601-9.
  14. ^ Schneider, Martin (November 21, 1999). "Pipe problem getting fixed". The Baltimore Sun. Archived from the original on 2012-06-04. Retrieved 2010-07-29.
  15. ^ Vibien, P.; Couch, J.; Oliphant, K.; Zhou, W.; Zhang, B.; Chudnovsky, A. (2001). "Assessing material performance in chlorinated potable water applications" (PDF). Book Institute of Materials. 759: 863–72. ISSN 1366-5510. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-06-22. Retrieved 2010-07-30. also published as: Vibien, P.; Couch, J.; Oliphant, K.; Zhou, W.; Zhang, B.; Chudnovsky, A. (2001). "Chlorine resistance testing of cross-linked polyethylene piping materials". ANTEC 2001 Proceedings. Boca Raton: CRC Press. pp. 2833–9. ISBN 978-1-58716-098-1.
  16. ^ Pipe dream is nightmare for many, Miami Herald - September 12, 1993
  17. ^ "DuPont USA Settlement of the Canadian Class Action Lawsuits". Archived from the original on 2011-07-06. Retrieved 2010-10-01.
  18. ^ Polybutylene Plumbing Pipe Leak Relief
  19. ^ "Polybutylene (Poly-B) Pressure Water Piping" (PDF). municipalaffairs.alberta.ca. Government of Alberta. 2012-01-06. Retrieved 2019-09-09.
  20. ^ "Information for owners of new homes with polybutylene plumbing pipes" (PDF). commerce.wa.gov.au. March 21, 2023. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 November 2023. Retrieved November 12, 2023.
  21. ^ Batajtis, Damian (27 March 2023). "Comprehensive Guide to polybutylene Piping Issues and Solutions in Australia". Wizard Leak Detection. Archived from the original on 12 November 2023. Retrieved November 12, 2023.
  22. ^ Cause of failure in polybutylene pipe & acetal fittings http://www.polybutylene.com/poly.html
  23. ^ "Polybutylene Piping". PropEx.com. Archived from the original on 2015-08-29. Retrieved 2015-07-17.

Further reading

[edit]

Polybutylene
Names
Other names
polybutene-1, poly(1-butene), PB-1
Identifiers
ChemSpider
  • none
ECHA InfoCard 100.111.056 Edit this at Wikidata
Properties
(C4H8)n
Density 0.95 g/cm3[1]
Melting point 135 °C (275 °F; 408 K)[1]
Related compounds
Related compounds
1-butene (monomer)
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
☒N verify (what is checkY☒N ?)

Polybutylene (polybutene-1, poly(1-butene), PB-1) is a polyolefin or saturated polymer with the chemical formula (CH2CH(Et))n. Not be confused with polybutene, PB-1 is mainly used in piping.[2]

Production

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Polybutylene is produced by polymerisation of 1-butene using supported Ziegler–Natta catalysts.

Catalysts

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Isotactic PB-1 is produced commercially using two types of heterogeneous Ziegler–Natta catalysts.[3] The first type of catalyst contains two components, a solid pre-catalyst, the δ-crystalline form of TiCl3, and solution of an organoaluminum cocatalyst, such as Al(C2H5)3. The second type of pre-catalyst is supported. The active ingredient in the catalyst is TiCl4 and the support is microcrystalline MgCl2. These catalysts also contain special modifiers, organic compounds belonging to the classes of esters or ethers. The pre-catalysts are activated by combinations of organoaluminum compounds and other types of organic or organometallic modifiers. Two most important technological advantages of the supported catalysts are high productivity and a high fraction of the crystalline isotactic polymer they produce at 70–80 °C under standard polymerization conditions.[4][5][6]

Characteristics

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PB-1 is a high molecular weight, linear, isotactic, and semi-crystalline polymer. PB-1 combines typical characteristics of conventional polyolefins with certain properties of technical polymers.

PB-1, when applied as a pure or reinforced resin, can replace materials like metal, rubber and engineering polymers. It is also used synergistically as a blend element to modify the characteristics of other polyolefins like polypropylene and polyethylene. Because of its specific properties it is mainly used in pressure piping, flexible packaging, water heaters, compounding and hot melt adhesives.

Heated up to 190 °C and above, PB-1 can easily be compression moulded, injection moulded, blown to hollow parts, extruded, and welded. It does not tend to crack due to stress.[dubiousdiscuss] Because of its crystalline structure and high molecular weight, PB-1 has good resistance to hydrostatic pressure, showing very low creep even at elevated temperatures.[7] It is flexible, resists impact well and has good elastic recovery.[3][8]

Isotactic polybutylene crystallizes in three different forms. Crystallization from solution yields form-III with the melting point of 106.5 °C. Cooling from the melt results in the form II which has melting point of 124 °C and density of 0.89 g/cm3. At room temperature, it spontaneously converts into the form-I with the melting point of 135 °C and density of 0.95 g/cm3.[1]

PB-1 generally resists chemicals such as detergents, oils, fats, acids, bases, alcohol, ketones, aliphatic hydrocarbons and hot polar solutions (including water).[3] It shows lower resistance to aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons as well as oxidising acids than other polymers such as polysulfone and polyamide 6/6.[7] Additional features include excellent wet abrasion resistance, easy melt flowability (shear thinning), and good dispersion of fillers. It is compatible with polypropylene, ethylene propylene rubbers, and thermoplastic elastomers.

Some properties:[7]

Application areas

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Piping systems

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The main use of PB-1 is in flexible pressure piping systems for hot and cold drinking water distribution, pre-insulated district heating networks and surface heating and cooling systems. ISO 15876 defines the performance requirements of PB-1 piping systems.[9] PB-1's most notable characteristics are weldability, temperature resistance, flexibility and high hydrostatic pressure resistance. The material can be classified PB 125 with a minimum required strength (MRS) of 12.5 MPa. Other features include low noise transmission, low linear thermal expansion, no corrosion and calcification.

PB-1 piping systems are no longer being sold in North America (see "Class action lawsuits and removal from building code approved usage", below). The overall market share in Europe and Asia is rather small but PB-1 piping systems have shown a steady growth in recent years. In certain domestic markets, e.g. Kuwait, the United Kingdom, Korea and Spain, PB-1 piping systems have a strong position.[8]

Plastic packaging

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Several PB-1 grades are commercially available for various applications and conversion technologies (blown film, cast film, extrusion coating). There are two main fields of application:

  • Peelable easy-to-open packaging where PB-1 is used as blend component predominantly in polyethylene to tailor peel strength and peel quality, mainly in alimentary consumer packaging and medical packaging.
  • Lowering seal initiation temperature (SIT) of high speed packaging polypropylene based films. Blending PB-1 into polypropylene, heat sealing temperatures as low as 65 °C can be achieved, maintaining a broad sealing window and good optical film properties.

Hot melt adhesives

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PB-1 is compatible with a wide range of tackifier resins. It offers high cohesive and adhesive strength and helps tailoring the "open time" of the adhesive (up to 30 minutes) because of its slow crystallisation kinetics. It improves the thermal stability and the viscosity of the adhesive.[10]

Compounding and masterbatches

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PB-1 accepts very high filler loadings in excess of 70%. In combination with its low melting point it can be employed in halogen-free flame retardant composites or as masterbatch carrier for thermo-sensitive pigments. PB-1 disperses easily in other polyolefins, and at low concentration, acts as processing aid reducing torque and/or increasing throughput.

Thermal insulation

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PB-1 can be foamed.[11] The use of PB-1 foam as thermal insulation is of great advantage for district heating pipes, since the number of materials in the sandwich structure is reduced to one, facilitating its recycling.[12]

Other applications

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Other applications include domestic water heaters, electrical insulation, compression packaging, wire and cable, shoe soles, and polyolefin modification (thermal bonding, enhancing softness and flexibility of rigid compounds, increasing temperature resistance and compression set of soft compounds).

Environmental longevity

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Plumbing and heating systems made from PB-1 have been used in Europe and Asia for more than 30 years. First reference projects in district heating and floor heating systems in Germany and Austria from the early 1970s are still in operation today.[8]

One example is the installation of PB-1 pipes in the Vienna Geothermal Project (1974) where aggressive geothermal water is distributed at a service temperature of 54 °C and 10 bar pressure. Other pipe materials in the same installation failed or corroded and had been replaced in the meantime.[8]

International standards set minimum performance requirements for pipes made from PB-1 used in hot water applications. Standardized extrapolation methods predict lifetimes in excess of 50 years at 70 °C and 10 bar.[8]

Class action lawsuits and removal from building code approved usage

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Polybutylene plumbing was used in several million homes built in the United States from around 1978 to 1997. Problems with leaks and broken pipes led to a class action lawsuit, Cox v. Shell Oil, that was settled for $1 billion.[13][14] The leaks were associated with degradation of polybutylene exposed to chlorinated water.[15]

Polybutylene water pipes are no longer accepted by the United States building codes and have been the subject[16] of class action lawsuits in both Canada and the U.S.[17][18] The National Plumbing Code of Canada 1995 listed polybutylene piping as acceptable for use with the exception of recirculation plumbing. The piping was removed from the acceptable for use list in the 2005 issue of the standard.[19]

In Australia in March 2023, the Department of Mines, Industry Regulation and Safety reported that Australian homes built in 2019-2020 that had used a certain brand of polybutylene piping, had become the subject of an enquiry due to the significance of water leaks reported.[20][21]

There is evidence to suggest that the presence of chlorine and chloramine compounds in municipal water (often deliberately added to retard bacterial growth) will cause deterioration of the internal chemical structure of polybutylene piping and the associated acetal fittings.[22] The reaction with chlorinated water appears to be greatly accelerated by tensile stress, and is most often observed in material under highest mechanical stress such as at fittings, sharp bends, and kinks. Localized stress whitening of the material generally accompanies and precedes decomposition of the polymer. In extreme cases, this stress-activated chemical "corrosion" can lead to perforation and leakage within a few years, but it also may not fail for decades. Fittings with a soft compression seal can give adequate service life.[further explanation needed]

Because the chemical reaction of the water with the pipe occurs inside the pipe, it is often difficult to assess the extent of deterioration. The problem can cause both slow leaks and pipe bursting without any previous warning indication. The only long-term solution is to completely replace the polybutylene plumbing throughout the entire building.[23]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c Mark Alger, Mark S. M. Alger (1997). Polymer science dictionary. Springer. p. 398. ISBN 978-0-412-60870-4.
  2. ^ Whiteley, Kenneth S.; Heggs, T. Geoffrey; Koch, Hartmut; Mawer, Ralph L.; Immel, Wolfgang (2000). "Polyolefins". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a21_487. ISBN 978-3527306732.
  3. ^ a b c d Charles A. Harper (2006). Handbook of plastics technologies: the complete guide to properties and performance. McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-07-146068-2.
  4. ^ Hwo, Charles C.; Watkins, Larry K. Laminated film with improved tear strength, European Patent Application EP0459742, Publication date 12/04/1991
  5. ^ Boo-Deuk Kim et al. (2008) U.S. patent 7,442,489
  6. ^ Shimizu, Akihiko; Itakura, Keisuke; Otsu, Takayuki; Imoto, Minoru (1969). "Monomer-isomerization polymerization. VI. Isomerizations of butene-2 with TiCl3 or Al(C2H5)3–TiCl3 catalyst". Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry. 7 (11): 3119. Bibcode:1969JPoSA...7.3119S. doi:10.1002/pol.1969.150071108.
  7. ^ a b c d Freeman, Andrew; Mantell, Susan C.; Davidson, Jane H. (2005). "Mechanical performance of polysulfone, polybutylene, and polyamide 6/6 in hot chlorinated water". Solar Energy. 79 (6): 624–37. Bibcode:2005SoEn...79..624F. doi:10.1016/j.solener.2005.07.003.
  8. ^ a b c d e Polybutylene Archived November 30, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
  9. ^ ISO 15876-1:2003 iso.org
  10. ^ T.E. Rolando (1998). Solvent-Free Adhesives. iSmithers Rapra. p. 35. ISBN 978-1-85957-133-0.
  11. ^ Doyle, Lucía (2022-03-20). "Extrusion foaming behavior of polybutene-1. Toward single-material multifunctional sandwich structures". Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 139 (12). doi:10.1002/app.51816. ISSN 0021-8995.
  12. ^ Doyle Gutierrez, Lucia (2022-12-02). A Circular Economy Approach to Multifunctional Sandwich Structures: Polymeric Foams for District Heating Pre-Insulated Pipes (Thesis thesis). HafenCity Universität Hamburg. doi:10.34712/142.35.
  13. ^ Hensler, Deborah R.; Pace, Nicholas M.; Dombey-Moore, Bonita; Giddens, Beth; Gross, Jennifer; Moller, Erik K. (2000). "Polybutylene Plumbing Pipes Litigation: Cox v. Shell Oil". In Hensler, Deborah R. (ed.). Class action dilemmas: pursuing public goals for private gain. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Institute for Civil Justice. pp. 375–98. ISBN 978-0-8330-2601-9.
  14. ^ Schneider, Martin (November 21, 1999). "Pipe problem getting fixed". The Baltimore Sun. Archived from the original on 2012-06-04. Retrieved 2010-07-29.
  15. ^ Vibien, P.; Couch, J.; Oliphant, K.; Zhou, W.; Zhang, B.; Chudnovsky, A. (2001). "Assessing material performance in chlorinated potable water applications" (PDF). Book Institute of Materials. 759: 863–72. ISSN 1366-5510. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-06-22. Retrieved 2010-07-30. also published as: Vibien, P.; Couch, J.; Oliphant, K.; Zhou, W.; Zhang, B.; Chudnovsky, A. (2001). "Chlorine resistance testing of cross-linked polyethylene piping materials". ANTEC 2001 Proceedings. Boca Raton: CRC Press. pp. 2833–9. ISBN 978-1-58716-098-1.
  16. ^ Pipe dream is nightmare for many, Miami Herald - September 12, 1993
  17. ^ "DuPont USA Settlement of the Canadian Class Action Lawsuits". Archived from the original on 2011-07-06. Retrieved 2010-10-01.
  18. ^ Polybutylene Plumbing Pipe Leak Relief
  19. ^ "Polybutylene (Poly-B) Pressure Water Piping" (PDF). municipalaffairs.alberta.ca. Government of Alberta. 2012-01-06. Retrieved 2019-09-09.
  20. ^ "Information for owners of new homes with polybutylene plumbing pipes" (PDF). commerce.wa.gov.au. March 21, 2023. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 November 2023. Retrieved November 12, 2023.
  21. ^ Batajtis, Damian (27 March 2023). "Comprehensive Guide to polybutylene Piping Issues and Solutions in Australia". Wizard Leak Detection. Archived from the original on 12 November 2023. Retrieved November 12, 2023.
  22. ^ Cause of failure in polybutylene pipe & acetal fittings http://www.polybutylene.com/poly.html
  23. ^ "Polybutylene Piping". PropEx.com. Archived from the original on 2015-08-29. Retrieved 2015-07-17.

Further reading

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